BharatNotes Pollination Services
The ecosystem service provided by pollinators (bees, butterflies, birds, bats) that enables reproduction of ~75% of flowering plants and ~35% of global food crop production, contributing an estimated $577 billion annually to global food production.
Context & Background
IPBES Pollinator Assessment (2016) quantified global pollinator decline; Indian honey bees (Apis cerana indica) and native pollinators are critical for agriculture.
UPSC Exam Relevance
Decline of pollinators linked to pesticide use, habitat loss, climate change; relevance to food security; IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services).
