Acrimonious

adjective
/ˌæk.rɪˈməʊ.nɪ.əs/
(of speech, debate, or relations) marked by sharp, angry bitterness and rancour; harshly caustic in tone or feeling. Typically describes disputes, exchanges, or separations conducted with hostility rather than civility.

✍️ Usage in a UPSC answer

Parliamentary deliberations on land acquisition, once a forum for reasoned accommodation of competing interests, have of late degenerated into acrimonious exchanges that erode both legislative productivity and public trust in democratic institutions.

Synonyms

rancorousbittercausticvitriolicacerbichostile

Antonyms

amicablecordialharmoniousconciliatory

🌱 Word Family

acrimony (n), acrimoniously (adv), acrimoniousness (n)

🔡 Root

Latin acer = sharp/bitter + -monia = abstract noun suffix → acrimonia = sharpness; -ous = having

📜 Etymology

From Latin acrimonia 'sharpness, pungency', from acer 'sharp, bitter, keen' + the abstract-noun suffix -monia, plus -ous; the figurative sense of personal bitterness emerged by the 1610s.

🧠 Memory Hook

Root hook: Latin acer = 'sharp' — the same root as ACRID (a sharp, bitter smell). An ACRImonious debate leaves an ACRID taste: sharp words, bitter feelings.

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Prelims 2026 Key
Ujiyari Ujiyari — Current Affairs